1 (completed action marker)

2 (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now)

3 (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

1 to understand

2 to realize

3 to find out

1 to complete

2 to accomplish

1 surname Cheng

1 Chenggong or Chengkung town in Taitung County 臺東縣|台东县[Tái dōng Xiàn], southeast Taiwan

1 a single slip may cause everlasting sorrow (idiom)

1 nothing much changes (idiom); always the same

2 stuck in a rut

1 obvious at a glance (idiom)

1 obvious at a glance (idiom)

1 lit. a piece of rat feces spoiled the whole pot of congee (idiom)

2 fig. one bad apple can spoil the whole bunch